Decision
Making and Branching
Decision Making with If statement
The general form of simple statement is
if(test
expression)
{
Statement-block;
}
Statement
–x;
The statement
block may be a single statement or a group of statements. If the test
expression is true, the statement-block will executed; otherwise the
statement-block will be skipped and the execution will jump to the statement-x
Example:
class gross
{
public static
void main(String []args)
{
float gross_sal,net_sal=0.0f;
gross_sal=Float.valueOf(args[0]).floatValue();
if(gross_sal<10000.0f)
net_sal=gross_sal;
if(gross_sal>=10000.0f)
net_sal=gross_sal-0.15f*gross_sal;
System.out.println("Net
Salary is Rs " + net_sal);
}
}
Output:
D:\ >javac gross.java
D:\ >java gross 4.5
Net Salary is Rs 4.5
D:\ >java gross 12876.7
Net Salary is Rs 10945.195
If else Statement
the if-else statement is an extension of the simple if statement.
The general form is..
if(test
expression)
{
True-block
statement(s)
}
Else
{
False-block
statement(s)
}
Statement-x;
If the test expression is true then the true-block statement(s)
immediately following the if statement are executed; otherwise the false-block
statement(s) are executed. In either case, either true-block or false-block
will be executed, not both.
The
following is the example of
class evenodd
{
public static
void main(String []args)
{
int
num=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
if(num%2==0)
System.out.println(num
+ " is even");
else
System.out.println(num
+ " is odd");
}
}
Output:
D:\ \programs>javac evenodd.java
D:\ \programs>java evenodd 6
6 is even
D:\ \programs>java evenodd 5
5 is odd
Nesting If Else Statement
When
a series of decisions are involved, we may have to use more than one if..else
statement in nested form as follows:
IF (logical-expression)
{
IF (logical-expression) {
Statements }
ELSE
{ statements }
statements
ELSE
statements
IF (logical-expression) {
statements
}
statements
}
Program:
class nestedif
{
public static
void main(String []args)
{
int
a=325,b=712,c=478;
System.out.print("Largest
value is:");
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
{
System.out.print(a);
}
else
{
System.out.print(c);
}
}
else
{
if(c>b)
{
System.out.print(c);
}
else
{
System.out.print(b);
}
}
}
}
Output:
D:\ \programs>javac nestedif.java
D:\ \programs>java nestedif
Largest value is: 712
ElseIf Ladder
The
conditions are evaluated from the top. As soon as the true condition is found,
the statement associated with it is executed and the control is transferred to
the statement-x. When all the n conditions become false, then the final else
containing the default-statement will be executed.
The
general form is:
if(condition1)
Statement-1;
else if(condition 2)
Statement –2;
else if(condition 3)
Statement –3;
----------------------
else if(condition n)
statement –n;
else
default
statement;
statement-x;
Program:
class elsif
{
public static void
main(String []args)
{
int
per=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
char
grade;
if(per>=90)
grade='A';
else
if(per>=75)
grade='B';
else
if(per>=60)
grade='C';
else
if(per>=50)
grade='D';
else
grade='F';
System.out.println("Grade="
+grade);
}
}
Output:
D:\ \programs>javac elsif.java
D:\ \programs>java elsif 67
Grade=C
The switch Statement
The
switch statement tests the value of a given variable (or expression) against a
list of case values and when a match is found a block of statements associated
with that case is executed. The general form of the switch statement is as
shown below:
switch(expression)
{
case
value 1:
block1;
break;
case
value2:
block2;
break;
………………
………………
default:
default-block;
break;
}
Example:
class color
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String ch=args[0];
char choice=ch.charAt(0);
System.out.println("Press B for Blue ");
System.out.println("Press G for Green ");
System.out.println("Press R for Red ");
switch(choice)
{
case 'B':
case 'b': System.out.println("You
choose Blue color");
break;
case
'G':
case 'g': System.out.println("You
choose Green color");
break;
case 'r':
case 'R': System.out.println("You
choose Red color");
break;
default: System.out.println("invalid
choice");
}
}
}
The ?: operator.
The
value of a variable often depends on whether a particular Boolean expression is
or is not true and on nothing else. For instance one common operation is
setting the value of a variable to the maximum of two quantities Is
(a > b) ? a : b; is an expression
which returns one of two values, a or b. The condition, (a
> b),
is tested. If it is true the first value, a, is returned. If it
is false, the second value, b, is returned. Whichever value is
returned is dependent on the conditional test, a > b. The condition can be
any expression, which returns a boolean value.
Example:
class conditional
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a,b;
a=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
b=Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
int max;
max=(a>b)? a : b;
System.out.println("max="+max);
}
}
Decision Making and Looping
The while statement
The
while statement evaluates expression,
which must return a boolean value. If the expression
evaluates to true, the while statement executes
the statement(s) in the while block. The while statement continues
testing the expression and executing its block until the expression evaluates
to false.
Syntax: While(expression){
Statements; }
Using
the
while statement to print the values
from 1 through 10 can be accomplished as in the following WhileDemo program: class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[ ] args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11) {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
}
}
}
The do-while statement
The Java programming language also provides a
do-while statement, which can
be expressed as follows: Syntax: do {
statement(s)
} while (expression);
The
difference between
do-while and while is that do-while evaluates its
expression at the bottom of the loop instead of the top. Therefore, the
statements within the do block are always executed at
least once, as shown in the following DoWhileDemo program: class DoWhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
} while (count <= 11);
}
}
The for
statement
The
for statement provides a
compact way to iterate over a range of values.
The
general form of the
for statement can be expressed as
follows: for (initialization; termination; increment) {
statement(s)
}
When
using this version of the
for statement, keep in mind that: - The initialization
expression initializes the loop; it's executed once, as the loop begins.
- When the termination
expression evaluates to
false, the loop terminates. - The increment
expression is invoked after each iteration through the loop; it is
perfectly acceptable for this expression to increment or decrement
a value.
The following program,
For
Demo,
uses the general form of the for statement to print
the numbers 1 through 10 to standard output: class ForDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args){
for(int i=1; i<11; i++){
System.out.println("Count is: " + i);
}
}
}
Jumps in Loops
Java
supports three types of jumping statements:
- Break
- Continue
- Return
Break:
Some times we need to exit from a
loop before the completion of the loop then we use break statement and exit
from the loop and loop is terminated.
Continue:
Sometimes we do not
need to execute some statements under the loop then we use the continue
statement that stops the normal flow of the control and control returns to the
loop without executing the statements written after the continue statement.
Diff between break and
continue:
There is the
difference between break and continue statement that the break statement exit
control from the loop but continue statement keeps continuity in loop without
executing the statement written after the continue statement according to the
conditions.
Examples for break and
continue
class star
{
public static void
main(String args[])
{
loop1: for(int
i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
System.out.println();
if(i>10) break;
for(int
j=1;j<=100;j++)
{
System.out.print("*");
if(i==j)continue
loop1;
}
}
}
}
Return Statement:
It is used to explicitly return from the current method. The flow
of control transfers back to the caller of the method. To return a value,
simply put the value after the return keyword.
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